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量子真空"決不是一種簡單的空無一物的空間"[9]。再重複一遍,"將任何物理真空視為絕對空無一物的空間是個特大的錯誤"[10]。根據量子力學,真空並不是真正的空無所有,而是含有瞬時的電磁波和虛粒子突然地出現或消失。從這些短暫的事件,可以觀察到卡西米爾效應[11]、自發射(spontaneous emission)[12]、蘭姆位移[13]等等重要的物理現象。對這些問題有濃厚興趣,欲想進一步探索量子真空的各種物理行為的讀者,可以閱讀 S. Saunders 的書《The philosophy of vacuum》[14]或 Henning Genz 新近發表的書《Nothingness: the science of empty space》[15]。
量子真空到底是甚麼?很遺憾地,這最基本的問題,到今天仍舊尚未成定論。物理學家 Gerald E. Brown 這樣說[16]:
在這裡,「實現」指的是將「自由空間」這概念約化為實習(reduction to practice),或實驗具體化,例如,成為實驗室裡製備的「部份真空」。甚麼是自由空間的操作型定義?雖然,從理論而言,與絕對零度所面對的狀況類似,自由空間是無法達成的,很多國際單位制的單位都是參考自由空間的性質設定的。因此,實驗者必須估計對於實際測量值所需要的修正。例如,對於部分真空的非零壓強所做的修正。對於在實驗室取得關於自由空間的測量值(例如,部分真空),國際度量衡委員會(International Committee for Weights and Measures)特別告誡:[3]
為了要考慮到真實狀況,像繞射、重力或真空的不完美,所有實驗得到的測量值都必須給予精確的修正。
實際而言,最新的技術可以在實驗室裡製備出相當好的真空,稱為超高真空(ultra high vacuum)。到現在為止,對於實驗室裡製備出的真空,可測量到的最低壓強大約為 10−11 [Pa] 〔帕斯卡〕[19] 。
^ 1.01.1Werner S. Weiglhofer and Akhlesh Lakhtakia. § 4.1 The classical vacuum as reference medium. Introduction to complex mediums for optics and electromagnetics. SPIE Press. 2003: pp. 28, 34 ff. ISBN9780819449474.
^Tom G. MacKay. Electromagnetic Fields in Linear Bianisotropic Mediums//Emil Wolf. Progress in Optics, Volume 51. Elsevier. 2008: 143. ISBN9780444520388.
^Chattopadhyay, D. and Rakshit, P.C.. Elements of Physics: vol. 1. New Age International. 2004: 577. ISBN8122415385.
^Sunny Y. Auyang. How is quantum field theory possible?. Oxford University Press. 1995: pp. 151-152. ISBN0195093445.
^ 自由空間的經典概念有很多大同小異的版分。舉三個例子:R. K. Pathria. The Theory of Relativity. Reprint of Pergamon Press 1974 2nd. Courier Dover Publications. 2003: pp. 119. ISBN0486428192. "自由空間是沒有任何導體、電介質或磁性物質的空間。"; Christopher G. Morris. Academic Press dictionary of science and technology. Gulf Professional Publishing. 1992: pp. 880. ISBN0122004000. "自由空間是一種理論概念,專門描述除去所有物質的空間"; and Werner Vogel, Dirk-Gunnar Welsch. Quantum optics. 3rd. Wiley-VCH. 2006: pp. 337. ISBN3527405070. "經典的電磁真空只是一種物理態。處於這種物理態,所有的電場和磁場都消失無蹤。"
^Gordon Kane. Supersymmetry: squarks, photinos, and the unveiling of the ultimate laws. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Publishers. 2000: Appendix A; pp. 149 ff.. ISBN0738204897.
^Astrid Lambrecht (Hartmut Figger, Dieter Meschede, Claus Zimmermann Eds.). Observing mechanical dissipation in the quantum vacuum: an experimental challenge; in Laser physics at the limits. Berlin/New York: Springer. 2002: pp. 197. ISBN3540424180.
^Christopher Ray. Time, space and philosophy. London/New York: Routledge. 1991: Chapter 10, pp. 205ff. ISBN0415032210.
^Benjamin Fain. Irreversibilities in quantum mechanics: Fundamental theories of physics v. 113. New York:London: Springer/Kluwer Academic. 2000: §4.4 pp. 113ff. ISBN079236581X.
^Marian O Scully & Zubairy MS. Quantum Optics. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1997: pp. 13-16. ISBN0521435951.
^S Saunders & HR Brown Eds.). The philosophy of vacuum. Oxford UK: Oxford University Press. 1991. ISBN0198244495.
^Henning Genz. Nothingness: the science of empty space. Reading MA: Oxford: Perseus. 2002. ISBN0738206105.
^R. D. Mattuck. A Guide to Feynman Diagrams in the Many-Body Problem. reprint of McGraw-Hill 1976. Courier Dover Publications. 1992: pp. 1. ISBN0486670473.
^Tian Yu Cao. Conceptual foundations of quantum field theory. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press. 1999: pp. 179.
^Peter Woit. Not even wrong: the failure of string theory and the search for unity in physical law. New York: Basic Books. 2006: pp. 71ff. ISBN0465092756.
^LM Rozanov & Hablanian, MH. Vacuum technique. London; New York: Taylor & Francis. 2002: Figure 3.1, pp. 80. ISBN041527351X.