Topic: Transformational Cities
Transformational cities were excessive speed as the result of developing countries move on industrialization rapidly such as China, Brazil, and India and so on. With more cities and industries starting and growing, human get many benefits on a job, education, economical conditions advance. Nevertheless, the consequence of urbanization is in danger of, human, animal’s survival. The essay will discuss four main parts of transformational cities in the chart below. Chart 1: four main parts of transformational cities
Global warming issues
Global warming is the serious one of transformational cities issues. The cause of global warming was greenhouse gas emission. International Debates (2005,198) pointed of view that a good deal of CO2 and other gases are produced by human activities. Many examples include the use of fossil fuels, industrial production, and deforestation and so on. For this reason, the Earth’s temperature has increased greatly.
The effect of global warming are human and animal’s survival crisis. Another strongly point to the truth is that global warming is a primary cause of iceberg melting, which have become the enormous threat for certain animals existence. For example, polar bear the population has reduced significantly, they will probably run into the extinction crisis due to global warming issues. Chad (2005) stated that “ global warming is the main threat to the polar bear because diminishing sea ice directly affects polar bears, decreasing their hunting success and interfering with breeding”. In addition, Global warming influences the melting of Arctic glaciers, which do not only affect polar bear existence, but they also assault on human (Chad 2005; Kenneth (2007, 10). From India’s news (2007) point of view the two countries, Maldives and Bangladesh are affected greatly, because they are located on lower terrain. Hence, their nations will be forced to migrate to other countries. Therefore, government should make good strategies to decline the impacts of global warming.
Positive Actions
There is no doubt that individuals should have responsibility to resist the influence of global warming on human life for promotional economy such as reducing the energy amount of use, enhancing energy efficiency (Seaman 2009) and conserving natural resources. Hence the reduction of using energy amount will change commuting habits. Riding a bicycle, taking a bus and going out on foot to a certain place can replace driving a car. Kenneth (2007, 10) explained, “The global warming meaning that the climate is changing”. Which do not only decline energy consumption, but also more beautifully protects the earth’s environment effectively. Energy of use effectively, purchasing a high mileage vehicle to reduce CO2 emissions is a good example (Seaman 2009). As natural resources conservation (Seaman, 2009) suggests, choosing well packed items, decreasing the sum of waste and recycling glass, paper and plastic are quiet positive methods. Ultimately, decreasing the energy consumption, increasing the energy of use efficiency (Seaman 2009) and conservancy of natural resources can all be easily enforced.
According to an investigation (Kinver 2007), The Norwegians have executed two strategies: waterpower utilization and crop store; based on the Premier Jens Stoltenberg’s hope that “Norwegian becomes the first zero exhaust country”. Therefore, Norwegian is the first country to take the number one specific measures to resist global warming issues diligently. The main focus of the action is clean energy utilization. Despite the fact that Norwegian is the third biggest petroleum exporter and use natural gas for their state, their electric power completely are generated from the hydro electricity. Furthermore, conservation of global agricultural seeds (Kinver 2007) is taking place within the country. The Norwegians have constructed “the seed storehouse” at the Svalbard of Arctic in 2007. The storehouses are located in the deepest place of the frozen crags, which use the natural refrigerators, and their works do not consume any electric power. The humanity crops seed Preservation is the main purpose of the stock houses. Consequently, The Norwegians absolutely have strived a lot for alternative natural resources utilization and human sources conservation.
Developing countries should accept the greenhouse gase emission restrictions enforced by the developed countries. The developing countries have responsibility to take action in decreasing the impacts of global warming. According to the wall street journal (2007) developing countries have promised to achieve the goal of reducing the greenhouse gas emissions. Unfortunately, India and China resolutely deny the proposal carrying out on account of worry about the limits, which probably slow down the economical development and affect the endeavors of eliminating the poor. In short, global warming is a serious problem in the world, China, Brazil and India should not only consider benefits for its nations, but consider the wider consequences.
In order to reduce the impacts of climate change, many developed countries look for new ideas to overcome the threat. According to the Kyoto2 regulations (1997), developed countries should be attempting to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions, and also decrease the risk of global warming, due to sea level increase. Additionally, greenhouse gas emission should have reduced 5.2% in 1990, which include 6 kind of gas, CO2, CH4, N2O2, CFCs, HCFCs and so on. From 2008 to 2012, the European Union countries should reduce 8% greenhouse gas emission, US 7%, Japan 6%, Russia 17%. Hence, developed countries should completely increase wooded areas to absorb CO2; this method is the best to counterbalance greenhouse gas emission issues. Fortunately, the 104 countries have already authorized the Kyoto protocol in 2002. Nevertheless, America and Australia have refused to sign the Kyoto2 regulations; because the associated bargains with the regulations probably have serious harm to their economy.
Implementation Difficulties
There are two implementations difficulties of people including information shortage and unwilling change. The first type is information shortage. The information shortage people who don’t know what they can do to reduce the impacts of global warming, how many types of recycle bins there are, where recycle bins are and how they distribute the resources into recycle bins such as drinking cans, plastics bags, newspapers, obsolescent furniture and so on. In order to improve the question, governments can propagate the information on television powerfully and teach nationals how to make the distributions of resource recycling through the TV advisements. Another type is unwilling change people. Governments can make strategies to increase efficiency of public transportation system and subsidize some fare subsidies for transportation proprietors to reduce commuting fee. The two projects will be carried out successful which depend on government apparatus, entrepreneurship and nationals’ cooperation.
Many developing countries and developed countries worry about the project harm to their benefits; because of this, they are unwilling to implement global warming improvement project. The main point of problem are economic advances and merit concepts including cultural, socials, environmental, and so on. Scientists should put more effort on collecting data of global warming, try to keeping a balance between economic advances and merit concepts and provide better projects more quickly to support developing countries and developed countries’ governments’ strategic implementations through the conferences. However, developing countries and developed countries should try to consider the issue, not only focus on oneself situation. Human can survive sustainably on Earth is the most important than anything after all.
Sustainability improvement
Environmental Protection Education has the four parts including reuse, recycle, reduce and replace. First of all parts is reuse. The main proposal is resources utilization efficiently. For example, water tanks collect rainwater to irrigate crops and flowers. Recycle is the second key points. There are three steps in recycle area which include rubbish types, rubbish distribution and final decision. First, people should understand how many types there are in house bins. The second step is rubbish distribution including papers, plastics, and glasses. Sent in recycling bins or reuse the resources are the last step. Reduction is the third parts. Reduce the fossil resources use is the main proposal. Fossil resources use is a key cause for global warming impact. As a result of a good deal of CO2 and other gases are produced by fossil resources use. Therefore, reduce to use fossil resources is the most important thing for human. The last part is replacement. The main proposals are waste reduction and resources protection. Going out on foot, taking a bus and riding a bicycle is a good idea to replace driving a car.
There are three parts of Environmental Policies including natural resources protection, population control and pollution control. First of all, protect natural resources. Governments should adopt a firm policy on natural resources protection. Anyone does not deforest except for government accept the decision. Secondly, control population. Much pollution is produced by human activities such as air pollution, water pollution and rubbish pollution. Therefore, governments should make population control efficiently. China is the best example. If nation commit the rules, nation will pay fine for government. Last, control pollution. There are three parts of the area including water pollution management, air pollution management and rubbish distributional implementation. Water pollution management, governments should make rules to control sewages farms. If sewages farms commit the policies, sewages farms will pay fine for government and be severely punished. Air pollution management, government demands that rubbish farms do not burn rubbish. If rubbish farms burn rubbish, rubbish farms will be severely punished and pay fine for government. The last part is rubbish distributional implementation. Rubbish distributional implementations only focus on 4R - reduce, reuse, recycle and replace. Reduce, decrease fossil resources use. Reuse, reuse papers, plastic bags, glasses and so on. Recycle, recycle obsolescent papers, plastic bags, glasses. Replace, reduce waste. It is difficult to track who commit the rules. However, governments should have the responsibilities to promote the activities.
To sum up, transformational cities cause many environmental impacts. With the increasing impacts of global warming, it sounds in the best interest that what the serious issue of transformational cities including causes is and effects, what individual, government, undeveloped countries, developing countries and developed countries should do to decline the impact, how to overcome the implementation difficult of nationals and countries are and how to improve the sustainability issues. It is crucial that impacts reduction depend on people, governments, developing countries and developed countries’ cooperation.
References List
The Library of Congress Congressional Research Service Report. 2005. The science of climate change global warming causes and trends, international Debates, P198. http://www.citewrite.qut.edu.au/ (accessed August 24, 2009).
Global warming can submerge Maldives, parts of Bangle. 2007. http:/timesofindia.indiatimes.com (accessed August 24, 2009)
Kenneth. L. 2007. Does global climate change has natural causes, Consumer’s Medical Journal by Nutrition Health; P10 http://www.citewrite.qut.edu.au/ (accessed August 22, 2009)
Chad, K. 2005. Arctic Melting. Monroe. http://en.envirowiki.info/polar beer (accessed August 24, 2009)
Seaman, G. 2009. Global warming/climate change: what we can do about it. http:www.eartheasy.com/blog/category/healthy-home/ (accessed August 25, 2009)
Kinver, M. 2007. The final design for a “doomsday” vault that will house seeds from all known varieties of food crop has been unveiled by the Norwegian government. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6335899.stm. (accessed August 25, 2009)
Pont, p.d. 2007. Bali who? Under cover of fighting global warming, developing countries try to show American’s economy. The wall street journal http://asia.wsi.com/home-page (accessed August 25, 2009)
n.d. 1997. Kyoto2. http://www.kyoto2.org/page0.htm (accessed August 25, 2009)
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